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Tudor Monastery farm continues. Subsistence farming was giving way to farming for profits. Tudor farmers had an eye on profits. The monasteries made money from their tenants and now their tenants wanted to make profits for themselves. It was during this time that farming was changed. Ruth, Tom, and Peter celebrate Pentecost with a Market day. Tom and Peter are raising geese to market day. Tom comments that he is nervous around the geese. Geese were considered a good source of revenue. Geese were kept for meat, eggs, and fat. Tom and Peter hope to make money with them on Market Day.
In 1500, the common lands were not enclosed. Our time travelers turned their sheep out onto these lands. Sheep produced thicker fleeces because of the grass the sheep were kept on. May was the time for sheep shearing. The time travelers work on making crooks to help drive the sheep from the grasslands back to the farm. The crooks were invaluable to the Tudor shepherd. With the aid of a sheepdog Ruth, Tom, and Peter drive their sheep back down to the farm. It is comedic to watch Tom, Peter, and Ruth drive the sheep down back to their farm. Tom and Peter wash the sheep. The farming manuals at the time recommend that the sheep be washed before they sheer them. They wash their sheep before shearing. Washing the dirt, dung, and rocks out of a fleece helps the sheering process. If a sheerer came across a rock in the fleece, the blades could get damaged. Cleaning the fleece also increases the farmer’s profits because if a fleece is matted with dung it is not usable. Peter who is feeling unwell with a cold, turns to nature to cure it. The Tudor garden was seen as a pharmacy. Many plants could be used to cure what ails the farmer. Ruth explores the differences with monastic herds because the sheep could provide different sources of income. Sheep cheese had started going out of fashion because cows produced more milk. Ruth milks a sheep to help supplement the farm’s income. She will use the milk to make cheese. She works in the dairy and makes sheep’s cheese. Working in the dairy was considered a woman’s work during Tudor times. Tudor Dairies were also cleverly designed to regulate temperature so the dairy was the coolest place on the farm. They were built on the north wall and away from the sun. Peter works on steam bending wood to make a bench to help sheer sheep. He has never done it before but is willing to give it a try. He explains the process of what he is doing to steam bend wood. He digs a trench, lines it with rocks, fills it with damp hay, and builds a chimney to get the fire going. Tudor Monastery Farm is an excellent show for the classroom. If you need a filler for a substitute teacher or just to share some living history with your students. You can show certain episodes in an agricultural classroom as well. Grab some clips and use this series in the classroom as part of a lecture. You are only limited to your imagination when it comes to using YouTube in the classroom. I would pull clips out from the discussion on the Tudor Dairy or Tudor cheesemaking for an agricultural classroom. Ruth is an excellent narrator as to why the Tudor Dairy was designed the way it was. You can access the YouTube Video here. The worksheets for this series are available on my Teacher Pay Teachers page.
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We will kick off August with Tudor Monastery Farm. This is a fantastic series to show in a history or an agricultural classroom. While the monks prayed, they rented the monastery lands to farmers. The farmers would work the lands, making money for the monastery as well as themselves. Ruth Goodman, Tom Pinfold, and Peter Ginn are our time travelers going back in time to live as Tudor farmers.
Ruth, Tom, and Peter make their way to Weald and Downland to set up their farm. It is 1500 and the monasteries were almost as powerful as the state. They live during the reign of King Henry VII. England was slowly emerging from the Wars of the Roses. The world was heavily religious and religion weaved its way through everyday life. The people believed they risked eternal damnation or social isolation if they did not follow the religious rules. The church was central in Tudor England. Religion explained everything, from the growth of crops to weather to personal wellbeing. It is spring. James Clark introduces Tom, Peter, and Ruth to their farm. He explains how the Tudor farm operated. The Monastic Farmers had to have a good head for business. They rented their lands from the Monasteries. Clark brings the time travelers to the house where they will live. Tom, Peter, and Ruth tour the house. Peter comments that the house will be hard to heat. However, Ruth addresses this issue beautifully by stating that a fire in the middle of the room is a better use of heat. Tudor farmers had to turn a profit to pay their landlords. They have five acres of enclosed fields, as well as access to the common lands and woods. The land was the most valuable asset of the monastery. The Tudor Farmer raised sheep. Sheep tied the farmers and the monasteries together. English wool was of the highest quality. They also planted peas and barley. They may have raised pigs. Tom, Peter, and Ruth get to work right away. Tom and Peter work on a pig enclosure since it was against the law for pigs to run free. Tom picks up hazel rods for the pig enclosure. There is a good discussion on the rules landlords imposed on their renters. The higher the rent you paid, the more access you had to the supplies you needed for the farm. Tudor farmers had to master a variety of building skills. Tom and Peter work on the pig enclosure. They weave hazel woods around the fence posts. They also put together a dead hedge to help keep pigs in. They finish the fence. Peter comments that the Tudor building sources its materials from the landscape. The fence they built can keep an elephant in the enclosure. Peter forms a guild for the Tudor farmers. Guilds were formed to help keep everyone prosperous and to help the transition into the afterlife. There were saints for every day of the calendar year. Peter forms a farmer’s guild with St. Benedict as their patron and St. Scholastica as a supporter. Tudor Monastery Farm is an excellent show for the classroom. If you need a filler for a substitute teacher or just to share some living history with your students. You can show certain episodes in an agricultural classroom as well. Grab some clips and use this series in the classroom as part of a lecture. You are only limited to your imagination when it comes to using YouTube in the classroom. You can access the YouTube Video here. The worksheets for this series are available on my Teacher Pay Teachers page. Hello, our tour through Secrets of the Castle continues in Episode 4. Ruth, Peter, and Tom continue their work on Guedelon Castle. More castle-building secrets are being revealed through this archeological experiment. Ruth, Peter, and Tom have lived on the Guedelon site for four months and are now exploring all the skills that were used to build a castle. It was a combined effort of the community to build a castle.
Blacksmiths, quarrymen, woodsmen, carpenters, and stonemasons all came together to build a castle. The first castles were built of wood and there is a sample of an early castle on the Guedelon site. These castles consisted of a walled enclosed area and a tower. Eventually, these castles would be made of stone, especially if they were at a key strategic site. In England, stone castles were a sign that Norman Rule was here. The workers at Guedelon are reviving the old practices in building the castle. They are proud of the job they have done at the castle. The walls are made out of a combination of rough field stones with areas of smooth cut stones to strengthen the walls and towers. There were leveling courses to help give the masons a chance to work on a flat surface. Tom helps in the quarry to get a stone that is to be used for a leveling course. He uses the techniques that the Medieval people would have used. In the Middle Ages, quarrymen would have used the natural cracks in the rock to cut stone. Masons were well paid and well-traveled men, their skills were in high demand. They all gathered in the stonemasons' lodge. It was where the masons’ secrets were kept. Ronald Hutton joins Ruth as they tour the masons’ lodge. Ronald discusses the history of masons and freemasonry. Middle Ages masons had nothing to do with the Masonic Movement and the modern freemason movement was founded in the 16th Century and evolved from there. Ronald sums up the Middle Age masons as doing God’s work because they were the ones that built the cathedrals. Ruth, Tom, and Peter explore the next skill needed to use build a castle: carpentry. They would have built doors and maintained the scaffolding. Scaffolding was not built from the ground up but moved up as the walls moved up. Guedelon is using modern processed wood and steel bolts for the scaffolding, but the scaffolding on the site resembles what would have been used in the castle building. There have been compromises for health and safety, however despite that the workers still work as they would have done in the Middle Ages. Blacksmiths were also seen on the site of the castle. They made hinges for the doors and other metal implements for the castle. He keeps the tools sharp for the workers. Tom and Peter work to make a furnace to help smelt iron. Together they make a bloom of iron for the blacksmith’s use. By able to make steel they can make good tools. The woodsmens’ skills were also used in castle building. They carefully selected trees for use in the castle. Each tree had a specific use for the castle. Tom works on getting a tree chopped down. Sarah the site administrator helps translate for the woodsman. This section demonstrates how much thought the woodsman had to do for a tree to fall safely in the forest. To continue to see the other skills used in castle building continue to watch this episode. This is another episode that features STEM and STEAM activities for the classroom. This is a skill-heavy episode and demonstrates how everyone came together to build a castle. It also showed how much work was involved in building a castle. If you do not want to show the full episode, then show clips to a class. You can access the YouTube video here. Hello, our tour through Secrets of the Castle continues in Episode 3. Our time travelers Ruth, Peter, and Tom explore how a castle was decorated. When we think of castles, we just think of a barren place that is cold and drafty. However, this archeological experiment is proving otherwise. Castles could be richly and colorfully decorated. The material that early castle decorators used came from the earth. Ruth, Peter, Tom continue to explore the Medieval World.
The castles people visit now are a far cry from what they were when they were in use. They had tile floors, whitewashed, plastered, and covered with clothes. Ruth sums up the difference between castle ruins and the historical experimental castle as “an entirely different beast.” The experimenters are decorating the castle according to the period of King Louis IX of France. The experimental castle is modest, decorated for a lower-ranked noble. Sarah, the site administrator gives Ruth, Tom, and Peter a tour of the most important rooms of the castle starting with the Great Hall. The Great Hall was the hub of castle life and it was a sight where the castle lord held court. It had to show off the lord’s wealth and status. They then make their way to the great tower where the lord and lady slept. It was the one room that had a fireplace. Peter and Tom are going to be tiling and painting some of the surfaces of the castle. Ruth makes her way to the kitchen. The kitchen is limewashed making it a bright and sunny area. The limewash keeps things clean in the kitchen. Sarah explains that castles were often limewashed and was glad that they had the chance to experiment with how castles were decorated. The White Tower at the Tower of London got its name from being whitewashed on the outside. Tom prepares lime mortar to put up against the wall. Rendering was put on the walls to insulate them and to prepare the walls for decorate. It was put on the wall roughly rather than in several layers. It also helps preserve the masonry underneath. They then move to make floor tiles for the site. 28,000 roof tiles were created and it took four years. An additional 80,000 tiles will be needed to cover all the roofs of the castle. Now production has shifted to floor tiles. Producing floor tiles is often laborious as the workers had to separate hard elements from the clay to make tiles. Tile making was one of the earliest industries to have regulations. These regulations included what type of clay could be used for the tile. The toilets were a common element found in castles. They were called guard robes and clothes were kept in them to keep them bug-free. Ruth and Peter explore the history of the privy or guard robes. The squires often had to prepare the privies before their masters went in them. Often preparation included sweet-smelling herbs to help make going to the bathroom a pleasant experience. What did the Medieval people use for toilet paper? It was not leaves or moss, since you would have to deal with deforestation or have a moss plantation to keep people supplied. Ruth and Peter conclude that everyone had a flannel or shared a flannel. To continue to learn more about how a castle was built continue to watch the episode. This episode is another fascinating look at how a castle was built. This episode would be suited to an art class, especially if a teacher was discussing how to make tiles or painting techniques. Ruth goes into a great deal on how the Medieval people made colorful paints. Again, teachers, you are only limited by your imagination when you use YouTube in your class. You can access the YouTube video here. Secrets of the Castle continues with how the castle was defended. Guedelon Castle is a 25-year archeological experiment in the Burgundy region of France. The builders are exploring the different techniques that are used to build a castle. The castle at Guedelon was built for a lord who wanted to show off his wealth. There are 36 high curtain walls to protect the courtyard. There is a gatehouse where people could get in and out. There are four towers as well, and one is called the great tower because it is bigger and taller. The walls are 12 feet thick.
The 13th Century was the golden age of castle building. Crusades and dynastic struggles caused the evolution of the castle. The Medieval rulers built stone castles to establish their power and to provide for defense. Tom, Ruth, and Peter explore the defense of the castle and the weapons used in the Middle Ages. Tom, Peter, and the masons install a special stone to connect the outside of the wall to the inner side of the wall to provide strength for the defense of the castle. If they did not put this stone in place, the wall would be vulnerable to caving in. They also explore the mortar and how it takes centuries to set. Tom points out that “experimental archeology has given you a mortar you can use.” Peter explains how the mortar is set in place and how the builders kept checking the level of the stones in place to keep the walls straight. Sieges were a big problem for the castle. Soldiers could climb over the walls with ladders or tunnels under them. The Trebuchet was invented during this period. This weapon dominated the Middle Ages and siege warfare. The biggest Trebuchet was Warwolf, which was commissioned by King Edward I. Our time travelers go to a castle nearby where replicas of the weapons used are on display. A crew of five men set up a Trebuchet for firing. Even though the war machines were slow, they were feared. One glance at them caused towns to surrender. For the siege, it is the constant hammering away at the walls which caused a great deal of damage. Tom, who is a midshipman in the Royal Navy, has a strong interest in Medieval history and armor. Ruth makes cloth armor for Tom and finds that it is a lot of hard work for very little progress. She makes it with sheep wool and linen. Ruth explores how cloth armor was made and explains that the linen and wool are layered together before being sewn down. Cloth armor is the precursor to the bulletproof vest. The defining feature of the castle is are the arrow loops. They were concealed in the walls and gave the archers an advantage. The mason shows the boys how to build an arrow loop. The arrow loop sloped down to help the archers see invaders. Tom and Peter then explore how archers shot their arrows out of the arrow loops. They even try to shoot into an arrow loop, which proved to be a failure. To continue to learn more about the Secrets of the Castle continue to watch on. There are several good clips you can use for a shop class. The firing of the Trebuchet would be a good clip to show in a math class. Our time travelers are good at explaining how the castle was built as well as exploring the defense properties of the castle. They discuss how if the tower is attacked the way the stones are laid allow that force to be disturbed around. You can access the YouTube Video here. Now we are going to explore history meets reality TV in Secrets of the Castle. Tom Pinfold joins up with Ruth Goodman and Peter Ginn to learn the secrets of castle building. Castles had a French origin. So our time travelers to go France and Guedelon castle. Guedelon Castle is part of an archaeology experiment to determine to build a castle. Castle building required a whole community of builders, masons, blacksmiths, lumberjacks, and tile makers. The project for the year is getting work done on the Great Tower.
So how do you build a castle? You start with a wooden model, which allows you to change things before you start building. The second step in building a castle is finding a good location for your castle. A good location includes access to water, wood, and rock. You also have to have the right stone to build a strong castle. Tom and Peter explore the different types of stones and where they were placed in the castle. Ruth explores the Medieval Hovel and how the castle builders’ camps evolved into villages. Ruth works to make the hovel a home. She starts with the fire pit. She then asks a carpenter to make a grain arch. The grain arch has a removable lid so she can make dough. In the meantime, Ruth lays out the rushes on the floor of the hovel. She is putting theory about rushes into practice by laying them in a herringbone pattern. Ruth gets pots from a pottery maker. Using pottery for cooking is one of the longest practices in the world. Clay came from the nearest source as it could - from a pothole. The hovel is equipped with a grain arch, pots, bowls, nets for hanging other types of food. The hovel is not only a living space but a storage space. Another vital resource in castle building is water. Thousands of gallons of water per day were used on the castle building site. Peter and Tom work to repair the well by getting a pulley and rope made. The rope is made by using a rope walk. Water is used to make mortar. Mortar formulas were closely guarded secrets and their strength determined how well the castle could hold off. The boys help get a doorway prepped for a castle. They are surprised at how little metal is used in castle buildings. However, where metal is used it is in an essential place. The boys put Ruth’s floor to the test and discuss the hovel. Their initial reaction to the hovel is one of disgust but once they discuss it they find that it is not a bad place to live. They find that the floor is warm and that the small space is would be easier to heat. The next morning Peter and Ruth explore Medieval clothing. Peter comments that he can see how clothing evolved. To find out more about how a castle was built, continue to watch the episode. With the first episode, you are not limited to a history class, you can bring this episode into a woodshop class or a class featuring STEM or STEAM. In the first episode, there is a demonstration of how carpenters worked wood without saws. There is quite a bit of STEM and STEAM you can get out of this series. You can even show this in a science class because historians are applying the scientific method during this experiment. If you need something do to in a pinch for a class, then you should show this series. However, if you don’t have a substitute teacher in the classroom, you should be able to find clips for use in the classroom. You can learn more about Guedelon here. You can access the YouTube video here. The team works to fertilize and prepare the soil for planting. May is a quiet time in the agricultural calendar. Stuart and a charcoal burner work to make charcoal. Charcoal burning powered the industrial revolution and is smoke free, lighter, and burns hotter. Charcoal burners were a roaming profession. They are a set of skilled workers.
Dairy production begins in May. Chloe and Ruth work on milking the cows. The milk is creamy and thicker, perfect for butter. Duchess hasn't been milked much and it is proving to be a challenge for Chloe. The milk they get isn't as much as they were expecting. The pea field is getting close to done. Alex is using a breast plow to help plow the field. However he's not using his chest to plow. They are using a special pea seed, it is an experiment. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 9 Questions:
Tales from the Green Valley Episode 9 Answers:
Tales from the Green Valley Episode 10 Ruth works in the Dairy while the boys work in the fields. The boys work on shearing sheep, they were the most valuable asset to the farm. Stuart, Alex, and Peter wash the sheep in the nearby pond. They get as wet as the sheep they are washing. Washing the sheep help makes the shearing process easier. Working in the Dairy was a woman's work. June was a good time of year for cheese making as well as a way to beat the heat. Cows eat different grasses over the year which changes the flavors of the milk. They make rennet and discuss the alternatives to it. The dairy portion of the episode would be great to show in an agricultural class, Ruth and Chloe go through the process of cheese making without technology. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 10 Questions:
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January comes to the farm as the team works on maintenance around the farm. The well doesn't freeze for the team during winter. They finally face some bitterly cold weather which makes it hard to work outdoors. They work on the hedges while the animals are indoors and the leaves are gone. Alex works on hedge laying, this forms an animal proof fence that animals can't pass through. A hedge is often thought as a living hedge as the trees and weaving get stronger over time.
Ruth and Chloe much out the stalls. Stuart makes ink as well as working on his shoes. Ruth works on making medicine for the people on the farm. She starts off with sage oil. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 5 Questions:
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Tales from the Green Valley Episode 6 The Team works on a new privy, taking care of the animals, laundry and some additional maintenance around the farm. They get their first snow on the farm. Alex, Peter and Stuart knock down the privy and build a new one. The first thing they do after knocking down the privy was cleaning the pit and digging it deeper. Peter has to dig out the privy after loosing out on a game of Hazard. Chloe works with the ponies to train them to be working farm animals. Stuart works on getting the pea seeds ready for planting. Ruth uses pee for use in the laundry, she makes bleach with it. She starts doing laundry around the farm. We learn that waste management was a big business in the Stuart period. Ruth, Chloe and Stuart bring the sheep down from the fields and perform maintenance on their hooves. They also clean up some of their fleeces. Alex entertains with team with his musical talents. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 6 Questions:
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Tales from the Green Valley Episode 3
November comes around and they work on butchering animals for the farm as well as finish up the cowshed. Work continues on the cowshed, as Peter and Alex build a wall for the shed. They take advantage of the sun and warmth to finish up the wall on the cowshed. The team finishes thatching the roof. Ruth and Chloe prepare for butchering day by cleaning their supplies to make sure bacteria doesn't affect the meat. They butcher a pig. Ruth uses the blood for sausages and puddings as well as taking care of the butchering. Ruth explains that the ancestors knew that the cooking area needed to be clean, they just didn't know about germs. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 3 Questions:
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Tales from the Green Valley Episode 4 December comes to the farm and the team prepares to celebrate Christmas. Stuart introduces the episode by discussing that although it's Christmas, chores on the farm didn't end. The boys work on making a hovel. They make it so they can take it down and store it over the summer. Ruth and Chloe work on making woolies. They talk about how the period clothes and how they work or don't work against the weather. Stuart threshes the peas for seed and to plant in the future. He gives the stalks and pods to the animals for a treat. Ronald Hutton stops by and helps the team celebrate Christmas. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 4 Questions:
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A team of historians and archeologists work a farm as it would have been done in the Stuart Period. They work a full calendar year on the farm. They will turn theory into practice. Stuart Peachy helped rebuild the site.
The Historians are Stuart Peachy and Ruth Goodman. The Archeologists are Peter Ginn, Alex Langlands, and Chloe Spencer. Stuart runs the farm, and Ruth runs the household. Peter, Alex, and Chloe take care of the animals, building maintenance, and the fields. Chloe has the most experience with taking care of the animals. They kick off the year by plowing the fields and making bread. They plant wheat into the field by broadcasting. Each episode in the series is 30 minutes long. It could be a last-minute fill-in for a substitute in an agricultural class or a history class. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 1 Questions:
Tales from the Green Valley Episode 1 Answers:
Tales from the Green Valley - Episode 2 The team continues to work on the cowshed. They build a roof for the cowshed. They fight the rain to make sure the roof gets on and adapt to their clothing while they work on it. They turn out the pigs in the orchards after the nuts and fruits have been harvested to help fatten them up. Ruth makes sure that the workforce is well fed as they are constantly working outdoors. Each episode in the series is 30 minutes long. It could be a last-minute fill-in for a substitute in an agricultural class or a history class. For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom. You can easily format these questions to your specifications. All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. You can find the link for the YouTube video here. Tales from the Green Valley Episode 2 Questions:
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