The pyramid building Ancient Egyptian civilization could not last.  Ancient Egyptian's confidence was soon shattered.  Economic collapse put a pause on the Egyptian Civilization.  The Ancient Egyptian people were soon filled with dread as the society collapsed around them.  Egpyt was soon thrown into chaos, signifying a new era in Ancient Egypt.  The military took over and they ruled by fear and intimidation.

Saqqara not only shows the Egyptian’s confidence in their civilization but also the collapse of that civilization.  A funeral causeway reveals the collapse of Ancient Egypt.  An image from that causeway shows people suffering from famine.  This famine is slowly closing in on Ancient Egypt.  The images of plenty were replaced by images of skeletons.  Such images were never created before but now reality hit ancient Egyptians in the face.  They tried to keep the forces of reality at bay but the images Fletcher refers to were an omen of the future.

The Nile and its flood allowed Ancient Egyptians to thrive.  Unfortunately for them, the Nile’s flood ceased.  This led to suffering, starvation, and in some cases cannibalism.  The Ancient Egyptians believed strongly in their kings.  The Pharoah was soon seen to be weak during their time of need.  Pharoah Pepi II, in his old age, tried to show off his physical prowess in the Jubilee celebrations.  However, the image of a vital Pharoah was shattered.

The Egyptian Dark Ages was an age where its people turned to magic to sort out their problems.  They thought that by reaching out to magic, they would be able to control the world.  The Egyptians also started writing out curses on pots or wax figures.  They would burn the figure or smash the pot to activate the curse.  It was informal religious, it showed how suspicious the Eqyptians had gotten.  Chaos meant that the Egyptians’ worldview had changed.

A once united Egypt fractured into smaller kingdoms.  Each of these kingdoms had a strong warlord leader.  These leaders believed themselves above the previous Pharoah.  They used the language and the images that the previous Pharaohs used to describe themselves.  They were the heroes without a peer.  These leaders did what they could to take care of their people: they gave bread, they gave sandals, they gave money.  There may have been cases of exaggerations of how bad it was.  This helped them claim that they were gods. 

However as the power of the warlords grew, more and more conflicts happened.  Some warlords created alliances with other warlords or they fought each other.  They ended up turning on the remains of the old pharaohs and destroyed the old tombs of the pharaohs in the valley of the Kings.  This violation of the old burying places appalled the people.  The destruction of the tombs broke the line of history.  After the destruction, ordinary Egyptians made atonement, bitterly regretting the tomb destruction.

After this destruction, one warlord decided to unite Egypt.  This king would end Egypt’s dark age.  The Egyptian Civil War was violent.  The bodies of these warriors bore witness to the violence of their death.  The Pharoah made sure to bury his warriors in a prominent tomb with great ceremony.  After the civil war, the people started to feel safe.  The economy was rebuilt.  However, the trauma of the civil war remained.  Their tombs changed, funerary art reflected the wish for a peaceful afterlife.  If the people could not feel secure in the present life, they could feel secure in the afterlife.  The Pharoah’s concerned themselves with National Security.  They built castles to maintain order and goods between Nubia and Egypt. 

To continue to learn more about Ancient Egypt, continue to watch the documentary.

You can access the documentary here.

Good morning!  The school year is winding down for many districts around the US.  It is not the time to prepare for the next school year...or is it?  Well, today I will introduce you to another series that could be brought into the classroom. 

Immortal Egypt is a four episodes series on Ancient Egypt presented by Joann Fletcher.  The first episode kicks off the series by exploring the origins of Ancient Egypt.  Fletcher explores the different stories of Ancient Egypt, weaving them all together with intelligence and humor.  She is a historian that should be brought into the classroom.  Students will enjoy learning about Ancient Egypt from her.

Fletcher travels to Quarta, Egypt, and discovers the earliest remnants of the Egyptian Civilization.  The Quarta cliffs bore witness to the earliest beginnings of Egyptian Civilization.  The people who dwelt in Quarta were early hunters and took care of cattle.  Quarta was situated in grassland before the climate changed and left it in a desert landscape.  Egypt was fed by the rains until the climate changed which meant people moved to settle near large lakes and rivers.  Hippos, humans, boats, and cattle images were carved into the cliff walls, a tantalizing clue about what was to come. 

The calendar was invented to predict the rains which then led to the earliest forms of religion.  People started working together in the community.  The cow was important to the ancient people.  The cow was a source of milk and meat, eventually, the cow became known as the goddess Hathor.  She was one of the earliest deities created.  Eventually, the ancient people developed 1000’s of deities.  These deities were built on familiar, everyday life.  Some of the created deities were created as a way to control the element they were a deity of.
Eventually, due to climate change, the ancient people started to congregate around the Nile River.  The Blue and White Nile came together in Sudan to form the bigger Nile River.  The annual Nile Flood was an important event to Ancient Egyptians because it became an agricultural civilization.  Upper and Lower Egypt started forming at specific points on the Nile River. 

The writing was also developed during this time.  It was developed as a means of calculating taxes for the Ancient Egyptians.  The Rosetta Stone helped archeologists translate the hieroglyphic symbols. 
Eventually, Upper and Lower Egypt came into conflict.  In 3100 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under one Pharaoh.  Namah became the first Pharoah of a united Egypt.  Hathor was his protector.  He was the template from which all other Pharoah’s took their inspiration from.  He had the tie on the beard, had a crown, and took the smitting pose.  It made every single Pharoah after Namah copy him, as a way to legitimize their claim to the throne.  A list of Kings was put together as another way to provide legitimacy to the current Pharoah’s reign.

Royal burials were developed at this time and the precursor to the Valley of the Kings was found.  Originally, when a Pharoah died all their courtiers were killed and buried with the Pharoah.  This changed and courtiers were allowed to live.  These courtiers would go on and build their elaborate tombs.

To continue to learn about the early beginnings of Ancient Egypt continue to watch this documentary. 

Fletcher tells a fascinating story about Ancient Egypt.  It is even more than what I originally learned in school.  It goes to show that with new discoveries, our interpretation of history changes.  Teachers need to use an episode of this fantastic series in the classroom.  If there is a substitute teacher in the room, have them pull an episode up on YouTube to show the students.  Or you can use clips of this series in a lecture it is up to the teacher.  If there is a student project involving Ancient Egypt, then I would point them to this series for more information. 

You can access the documentary here.

Bettany Hughes explores the strange world of Sparta, where equality was enforced, and military discipline was for everyone.  These were a group of people who were determined to be as perfect as they could be.  However, for all their determination to perfection, they were not the best writers.  As well as the fact that there wasn't much left behind by the Spartans.  What we know is from other historians as well as what the digs can fine.  Even the Greek Ancestors found their civilization shocking.

Hughes starts off her tale of the Spartans with a trip to a burial mound, it is a place where 300 men were buried while fighting the Persians.  They were massacred by the invading Persians, but their sacrifice continues to echo through history.  The Spartans were famous for frugality and the fighters.  They had a spirit of cooperation among the people.  They also encouraged individual achievement and competition.

Money was outlawed and weak infants were killed.  The women were more free.  Equality was enforced.  It defined the rights and duties of the citizens and helped saved Western Civilization.  They participated in the Trojan War.  They claimed that their kings were descendants of Hercules.  When the Spartans expanded their territory, they didn't colonize, they took over, enslaving the population.  They were a people wary, always afraid of slave rebellions.

They were the most extreme civilization in the world.  Spartan men would just fight or train or hang out with their fellow fighters.  All male Spartans had to earn their citizenship.  Babies that did not meet Spartan standards of physical perfection, were thrown off the cliff.  Boy infants were tossed, and it was the city elders that made the decision and not the parents.  Then at the age of 7 they were placed in the training system.  An older boy was put in charge of their training and discipline.  They were encouraged to supplement of rations by stealing and if they were caught they were flogged for getting caught.  There was a legendary secret service brigade, who were like a death squad, roaming the countryside.

If you want to find out more about the Spartans, continue to watch the documentary.  You can use clips of it for the classroom setting.  Bettany Hughes is an excellent narrator and this is one of the top documentaries I've seen on Sparta.

For use in the classroom, just highlight, copy and paste into a word or google document.  You can format it anyway you want to.  All questions can fit onto one page.

You can access the YouTube video here.

The Spartans Questions:

1. Who did the Spartans die fighting?
2. What was Spartan famous for?
3. What idea was enforced?
4. What was the ultimate disgrace to a Spartan?
5. Who decided to lived and died?
6. List three things you’ve learned about the Spartans:

          a.
          b.
          c.

The Spartans Answers:

1. Who did the Spartans die fighting? - Persian Empire
2. What was Spartan famous for? - Frugality and Fighting
3. What idea was enforced? - Equality
4. What was the ultimate disgrace to a Spartan? - Dropping the shield
5. Who decided to lived and died? - The City Elders
6. List three things you’ve learned about the Spartans:

          a.
          b.
          c.

Bettany Hughes explores the story of Helen of Troy and the Trojan War.  Is the story consigned to the myth status or did a real Helen exist?  Hughes demonstrates that archeology can show that myths do carry a kernel of truth to them.

Helen of Troy was originally Helen of Sparta.  She was one of the first women who was documented in history and has been part of the imagination for over 2000 years.  How should we interpret the story, was it history or was it fiction?  Is she a warning?  Do men need an excuse to go to war?  This is a fascinating look at the history and story of Helen of Troy.

The story is timeless, boy meets girl, girl goes off with boy, boys fight to get girl back.  Hughes traces the story of Helen at the beginning.  Helen was the only woman who is named from the age of Heroes, which allows the human imagination to run wild.  Hughes demonstrates how striking a Bronze Age princess would look like, how a princess would be able to attract a Bronze Age Prince.  A Bronze Age Princess held a high place in society, a woman who walked between the spirit world and the physical world.

Helen was celebrated by Spartans for how she affected people.  Helen was given to marriage after a series of trials to the Prince of Sparta.  Paris enters the scene after he was asked to judge who was the most beautiful goddess.  He chose Aphrodite, and she gave him the most beautiful woman in the world: Helen.  He went to Sparta to claim his prize.  The Spartans welcomed him with open arms and celebrated him as a honored guest.  It was all part of etiquette.  Helen acted like the perfect hostess.  So who lingered on who's doorstep first?  Continue to watch the series to find out.

For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom.  You can easily format these questions to your specifications.  All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. Each student should find at least three things to learn about from the presentation.

You can find the link for the YouTube video here.

Helen of Troy Questions:

1. Who was called the most beautiful woman on earth?
   
2. Where was she originally from?
3. Who helped communicate with the spirit world?
4. What type of contest was held for Helen’s hand?
5. Who did Paris give the golden apple to? -
6. List Three Things You’ve Learned About Helen of Troy

             a.
             b.
             c.

Helen of Troy Answers:

1. Who was called the most beautiful woman on earth? - Helen of Troy
2. Where was she originally from? - Sparta
3. Who helped communicate with the spirit world? - Women
4. What type of contest was held for Helen’s hand? - Marriage
5. Who did Paris give the golden apple to? - Aphrodite
6. List Three Things You’ve Learned About Helen of Troy

             a.
             b.
             c.

Bettany Hughes explores the world of Ancient Alexandria in the first episode of her Ancient World's series.  She explores the rise and fall of the greatest city.

Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great and was the place where East and West met.  The ancient city is well hidden by the modern city and one has to dig to find the story of Alexandria.  It was an ancient city were the people took the best part of a variety of cultures and put them together.  The city put a value on wisdom and was determined to collect the world's wisdom into one place.  The city was founded in the in between times, between the fall of Greece and the rise of Rome.

When Alexander the Great got to the place that would be known as Alexandria, he built a causeway out to Pharos island, implemented city planning and created a harbor which made Alexandria one of the busiest harbors in the world.  He won over the Egyptian people by adopting to their culture.  The Ptolemy Family eventually take over and then the city fell to Rome.

Alexandria emphasized learning and collecting knowledge.  There were places that allowed teachers to lecture students.  Bettany Hughes introduces the audience to Hypatia on of the last female philosophers that Alexandria produced.  She redesigned the Astrolabe.  Alexandria was the place where teachers and philosophers could come together, work together and exchange their thoughts.  The scale of Alexandria's ambition to collect the world's knowledge was unprecedented and bold.

It all came crashing down.  With a city where ideas flew, someone was bound to become offended.  The Library was destroyed and philosophers were killed.

For use in the classroom: just highlight, copy and paste into a word document or a google document for use in the classroom.  You can easily format these questions to your specifications.  All questions should fit onto one page after formatting. Each student should find at least three things to learn about from the presentation.

You can find the link for the YouTube video here.

Alexandria Questions:

1. What mixture of cultures came together in Alexandria?
2. Where did Alexandria put it’s greatest value?
3. Who founded Alexandria?
4. Which civilization was the most respected civilization?
5. How did Alexander the Great lay out the city?
6. List Three Things You’ve Learned About the City of Alexandria:

          a.
          b.
          c.

Alexandria Answers:

1. What mixture of cultures came together in Alexandria? - Egyptian, Greek, Roman
2. Where did Alexandria put it’s greatest value? - Wisdom
3. Who founded Alexandria? - Alexander the Great
4. Which civilization was the most respected civilization? - Egyptian
5. How did Alexander the Great lay out the city? - In a grid
6. List Three Things You’ve Learned About the City of Alexandria:

          a.
          b.
          c.

Writing a paper on Queens or Princesses for a class?  Check out History of Royal Women website/database.  It's a perfect database for the history of Royal Women.

You'll discover a variety of royal women and their lives.  I remember when the authors first started the blog, they had their set up by countries.  In the past five years they really expanded their content and now sort royal women according to the countries where they ruled and now have a drop down menu of the royal women.  When you click the country it will take you to a list of the royal women and then from there you can pick an article to read.

There are special series where one royal woman is focused on for the year, the authors highlight places to visit and what books have been published about royalty.  The first royal woman of the year was in 2016 and it was a year of blogging about Queen Mary I of England.  Each blog in the "Year of Series" features facts about their life, any children that were born to that queen, life facts, reign facts, and any thing interesting about the royal.  In 2018, it was the year of the Last Romanovs, since it was the 100th anniversary of the death of Nicholas and Alexandra.  Not only did they feature Nicholas and Alexandra and their family, but the other Romanov women who were killed due to the Russian Revolution.

If you need a book for your reading list, then check out their suggestions.  If you're taking a trip, then look at the places where they visited to see what you would like to add to your itinerary.   If you need something for a class, then check out their suggestions and their articles.  Then check out the their sources to get more information for that research paper.

Each article is well written and thought out.  The authors are excellent at citing their sources and are fantastic at incorporating photos into their blog.  It also helps that Historical Dramas are a popular genre and that there's excellent period dramas out there.  When there are no paintings or illustrations of the royal, they use content from period dramas. They also have a Google Translate button, so even if you don't speak English you'll be able to find the information you need.

I didn't realize that South Korea still had a royal family and that there was an American that married into it.  In school I had read the Royal Diary, Seodonk, the Queen of Silla and it was through this blog I learned about some additional Korean royalty including Consort Jang.  This lead me to the Korean Series Dong-Yi.  They authors just recently posted an article about the Royal Women of the German TV series Maximilian.

2020 was the year of Queen Wilhelmina, so what will 2021 bring, we'll find out soon. 

Teachers, students and homeschoolers will be able to find something on this website.  Even if you're not a teacher, student or homeschooler, and curious about royal women this is an excellent website to satisfy your curiosity.  I highly recommend that if you need a quick background on a royal woman for a high school paper head on over to History of Royal Women.